She co-founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in , and promoted community ophthalmology by traveling to perform surgeries, training clinicians, and donating equipment, among other activities. Bath joined the UCLA medical center in In , she became chair of its ophthalmology residency program. His notable contributions on the surgical treatment of corneal astigmatism were made while at Yale, between and , though his original ideas were formed while serving as a missionary and doctor in China.
Considered to be the father of modern refractive surgery, Dr. Jose Ignacio Barraquer, spent his life's work developing techniques, instruments and surgical tools leading to the advancement of corneal transplants, refractive corneal and lens surgery. He is the inventor of the microkeratome. Svyatoslov Fyodorov, a Russian ophthalmologist, noticed that the vision of a young near-sighted myopic boy actually improved after sustaining corneal injuries from glass fragments.
He recognized that the radial cuts in the cornea from the glass flattened the cornea. In fact, people first realised that it was possible to correct vision by reshaping the cornea in ! There have been lots of key moments along the way, leading to laser eye surgery becoming what it is today. At the front of your eye, you have a transparent layer called the cornea.
By smoothing out the cornea, you can remove the need for glasses. This research provided crucial insights for the first surgeries on the cornea, decades later. He travelled to the US and experimented with refractive surgery at Yale University.
To do this, Barraquerr removed a layer of the cornea, froze it to reshape it, and then re-implanted it. Fyodorov saw a young short-sighted boy who had corneal damage caused by fragments of glass. Fydorov suspected that the cuts to the cornea had actually flattened it, leading to better vision, and used this knowledge to develop a technique called radial keratotomy. It is a form of corrective technology for remodelling the cornea or removing the cataract.
Refractive surgeries are capable of correcting common vision disorders, like myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism; and even the congenital problems like keratoconus. The history of laser eye surgery dates back to , when in Netherlands, Dr. Lendeer Jans Lans, an ophthalmology teacher, published a theoretical paper on the possibility of cuts made in the cornea to rectify corneal curvature and cure astigmatism. In , Tsutomu Tsato, the Japanese opthalmologist, first practised refractive surgery on war pilots.
He made incisions in the cornea radially, that corrected the vision by as much as 6 Diopters. However, his technique was rejected since it was reported to lead to fast corneal degeneration.
The technique consisted in removing a layer of cornea, freezing it to reshape it to the desired form, before implanting. Though the technique had been remodelled in , by Dr. Swinger, it still remains quite an imprecise technique. Laser: In , experiments utilising a xenonic dimer, and halides of noble gases in ; led to an invention of a laser called the Excimer Laser; the most widely accepted laser of the modern times.
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