Dean Mark S. Duffield Donald E. Fowler Eric I. Francke Timothy N. Ghattas Matthew B. Jaffe Richard B. Johnston Virginia M. Jones Susan S. Jordan Douglas B. Kasow Keith A. Lamberson Yong S. Lee William J. Lichtenfeld Ryan W. Lirette Travis W. Littleton Richard R. Maguire J. Ryan Mahoney M.
Jonathan Mathers Michael A. McHenry Wesley H. Miller Brian E. Morgan Daniel R. Orcutt Kevin U. Phillips Jake J. They will then compare the DEXA scan results against the average bone mineral density levels in healthy bones of a young adult, known as a T-score, and against the average bone density of other people of the same age, sex, and race, called the Z-score.
The goal of treatment for osteopenia is to help prevent the condition from progressing to osteoporosis and to prevent fractures. Learn more about the treatment options for osteopenia here. If people have osteoporosis, the aim of treatment is to reduce bone loss and prevent fractures, and the treatment may include:. Learn more about the treatment options for osteoporosis here. It is not always possible to completely prevent osteopenia, as sometimes, it is due to genetic factors.
However, people can make dietary and lifestyle changes to help protect against osteopenia and to help prevent osteopenia from developing into osteoporosis. These changes include:. For those going through perimenopause , monitoring menstruation is important, as regular periods can indicate that the body is making enough estrogen, which is important for bone health.
If individuals have osteopenia, it is important they undergo regular tests to help monitor the condition and prevent it from progressing to osteoporosis. To detect any bone loss early, the National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends people contact a doctor for a bone density test if they:.
Osteopenia is the initial stage of bone loss, which can progress to osteoporosis, a more severe condition, without treatment. Regular weight-bearing exercise, a balanced diet rich in calcium, adequate vitamin D intake, and bone strengthening medications can help treat both osteopenia and osteoporosis. Various types of osteoporosis medications are available. Learn about the different options, including the benefits of each and any potential side….
Osteoporosis occurs when bone density decreases. This affects the structure and strength of bones and makes fractures more likely. Osteoporosis is…. Calcium is an essential mineral, and having too little can cause wide-ranging health issues over time. Patients with normal BMD at baseline and at least 3 DXA scans who progressed from normal BMD status to osteopenia and later to osteoporosis were considered for both time from normal BMD status to osteopenia and time from osteopenia to osteoporosis.
The time to an event, namely, change of category normal to osteopenia, osteopenia to osteoporosis , was known only for those patients who presented the event before the last DXA scan. For the remaining patients, the only known data were that the time to the event was greater than the observation time. This approach is known as administrative censoring, and the incomplete data are termed right-censored. Additionally, data were stratified by tertiles of the baseline T score.
These distinct groups represent the BMD baseline status. The initial value is related to the time to an event, assuming that the T score is a monotone and decreases over time. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier estimator; the log-rank test was used to compare strata. All analyses were performed using the R software, and all reported p values are two-tailed. Epidemiological and clinical data are summarized in Table 1. At the first DXA scan, patients of Median follow-up for the patients from this group was weeks Forty of these patients The survival analysis showed a median IQR time of progression to osteopenia of weeks 74; 6.
The survival analysis revealed significant differences in time of progression after stratification by tertiles. Median IQR time of progression overall was weeks ; 8.
A and 2. A total of patients had osteopenia at baseline; of these, presented osteopenia at their first DXA scan and the remaining 17 had a normal DXA result at baseline, progressed to osteopenia in a subsequent DXA, and underwent additional DXA scans. Fifty of these patients When the patients were stratified according to the minimum T score of the first DXA scan, 73 As for patients with osteoporosis in the first DXA scan, Similarly, osteopenia progressed to osteoporosis in a quarter of patients.
Alterations in bone strength predispose to fragility fractures, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the HIV-negative population. Prevention of osteoporotic fractures, then, is of major interest from a public health perspective. In HIV-infected patients, osteoporosis is probably underdiagnosed. In the last few years, many efforts have been made to identify risk factors for bone loss—other than traditional factors—among HIV-infected patients.
We observed that baseline T score, divided into tertiles, enabled us to establish time of progression of bone loss more accurately than the simple classification according to the WHO criteria normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.
Ourt results are consistent with recent published data in older HIV-negative women. A subsequent DXA scan should be recommended as soon as 1—2 years later for those in the lower tertiles, even when baseline BMD had been classified as normal; this frequency will help to diagnose early changes in BMD status from normal BMD to osteopenia or from osteopenia to osteoporosis and, in the case of progression, enable appropriate measures to be taken. Since it is unlikely that a patient would progress in less than 7—8 years, more frequent DXA scanning would not affect management, although it would increase costs and inconvenience to patients.
Given our results, similar recommendations on the frequency of DXA scan should be implemented according to age, providing that the decision is based on the T score.
Although age affected bone loss, when patients were classified according to their initial T score tertiles , BMD status gave more information on the progression of bone loss. In clinical terms, however, the negative effect of age on risk of osteoporotic fracture, independently of BMD, has been reported, suggesting that both age and BMD should be taken into consideration [36] The lack of elderly patients prevents us from assessing this issue in greater depth.
This finding could suggest the need for special care and more rigorous monitoring of men from this group. These data are consistent with other published results showing the higher prevalence of low BMD and fragility fractures in men than in premenopausal women.
Weight-bearing exercise can help strengthen your bones. It also can build muscle and improve your balance, which help prevent against broken bones.
Examples of weight-bearing exercise include walking, jogging, and climbing steps. Your doctor also will suggest ways to get more calcium and vitamin D in your diet.
Nonfat and low-fat dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, and milk, are good sources of calcium. Other sources of calcium include dried beans, salmon, spinach, and broccoli. Some foods, such as orange juice, breads, and dry cereals, may be fortified with calcium, vitamin D, or both.
Your doctor may suggest a vitamin D or calcium supplement as well. Early diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia is important. It can help prevent osteoporosis and future health problems. This article was contributed by: familydoctor. This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone.
Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject. Visit The Symptom Checker. Read More. Food Poisoning. Acute Bronchitis.
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