The menstrual cycle includes several phases. The exact timing of the phases of the cycle is a little bit different for every woman and can change over time. Once the bleeding stops, the uterine lining also called the endometrium begins to prepare for the possibility of a pregnancy. Somewhere around day 14, an egg is released from one of the ovaries and begins its journey down the fallopian tubes to the uterus.
In this case the fertilized egg will travel to the uterus and attempt to implant in the uterine wall. If the egg was not fertilized or implantation does not occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to shed its lining, and the egg breaks down and is shed along with lining. This phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from approximately day Day 1 is the first day of bright red bleeding, and the end of this phase is marked by ovulation.
While menstrual bleeding does happen in the early part of this phase, the ovaries are simultaneously preparing to ovulate again. The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain releases a hormone called FSH — follicle stimulating hormone. Eventually, one of these follicle becomes dominant and within it develops a single mature egg; the other follicles shrink back.
If more than one follicle reaches maturity, this can lead to twins or more. The maturing follicle produces the hormone estrogen, which increases over the follicular phase and peaks in the day or two prior to ovulation.
The lining of the uterus endometrium becomes thicker and more enriched with blood in the second part of this phase after menstruation is over , in response to increasing levels of estrogen. High levels of estrogen stimulate the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH , which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone LH.
The surge in LH also causes a brief surge in testosterone, which increases sex drive, right at the most fertile time of the cycle. The release of the mature egg happens on about day 14 as a result of a surge in LH and FSH over the previous day.
After release, the egg enters the fallopian tube where fertilization may take place, if sperm are present. If the egg is not fertilized, it disintegrates after about 24 hours. Once the egg is released, the follicle seals over and this is called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone. If fertilization has occurred, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone which prevents the endometrial lining from being shed.
If fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum disintegrates, which causes progesterone levels to drop and signals the endometrial lining to begin shedding. There is a range of normal bleeding — some women have short, light periods and others have longer, heavy periods.
Your period may also change over time. Simply tracking your cycle on a calendar, along with some details of your bleeding and symptoms can help you understand your cycle.
Record when your period starts and ends, what the flow was like, and describe any pain or other symptoms bloating, breast pain etc. Over several cycles you will be able to see patterns in your cycle, or identify irregularities that are occurring. There are also numerous apps available to help you track your period.
If your periods come regularly every days, chances are excellent that you are ovulating. Beyond simple calendar tracking, there are a few ways to figure out the timing of your own personal menstrual cycle.
Separately or used together, these can be used to help determine when and whether you are ovulating. Treatment for any underlying problems, such as an eating disorder, also might help.
However, some menstrual irregularities can't be prevented. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free, and stay up-to-date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID, plus expert advice on managing your health. Error Email field is required. Error Include a valid email address. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information and to understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your e-mail and website usage information with other information we have about you.
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A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. See more conditions. Healthy Lifestyle Women's health. Products and services. Menstrual cycle: What's normal, what's not Your menstrual cycle can say a lot about your health. By Mayo Clinic Staff. In this phase, endometrial glands produce a glycogen -rich substance.
The increase in secretions from the endometrium in this phase of menstruation creates an ideal environment in the uterus for the implantation of the blastocyst the beginning of the embryo produced by cellular division and replication of the fertilised egg if fertilisation has occurred. The secretory phase typically lasts about 13 days. Menstruation occurs in cycles.
The ovaries prepare an egg oocyte for release and the womb uterus prepares a lining to nourish the egg if it is fertilised. When the egg is not fertilised, the lining of the womb is shed and a woman gets her period menstrual bleeding. Menstruation typically occurs in 28 day cycles so most women get their period every 28 days. However, some women have longer cycles and may only get their period every 40 days, while other have shorter menstrual cycles and may get their periods as often as every 21 days.
The menstruation calculator determines when your next period is due based on a 28 day menstrual cycle. All you need to do is enter the date when your last menstrual bleeding began, and the calculator will tell you when to expect your next period. The information presented here is for general purposes only and should not be used to make diagnosis or treatment decisions.
For specific information about your health you should see a health professional. The first gestational week of pregnancy is marked by the first day of your last menstrual period LMP. Active bleeding menses continues for 4—5 days in total. The menstrual period is followed by regrowth of the endometrium, which occurs during the proliferative stage.
Endometrial regrowth is initiated in week 1, but not completed until the end of week 2. The ovaries are in their follicular stage of development, and by the end of week 1, a single dominant follicle should be formed.
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