To decide whether you should cite your sources in footnotes or in the body of your paper, you should ask your instructor or see our section on citation styles.
Whenever possible, put the footnote at the end of a sentence, immediately following the period or whatever punctuation mark completes that sentence. Skip two spaces after the footnote before you begin the next sentence. If you must include the footnote in the middle of a sentence for the sake of clarity, or because the sentence has more than one footnote try to avoid this!
Otherwise, put it right at the end of the most relevant word. If the footnote is not at the end of a sentence, skip only one space after it. The only real difference is placement -- footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes all appear at the end of your document. If you want your reader to read your notes right away, footnotes are more likely to get your reader's attention. It's your paper, you decide; and don't worry if your decisions vary from case to case.
The most important thing is that the source of each of your quotes is clearly identified in your references, and that the placement of your references does not obstruct the flow of your paper. If a passage you are citing contains a quote, the quote within your quote is placed in single quotation marks. This is the original passage, as printed in the website, word for word, down to the punctuation: No one saw "mountains of dead bodies" or "rivers of blood". When quoting this passage, the quotes within the quote "mountains of dead bodies" and "rivers of blood" are placed in single quotation marks : According to Japanese scholar Tanaka Masaaki, "No one saw ' mountains of dead bodies' or 'rivers of blood' " Masaaki Ch.
The rule, again: when quoting a passage that contains a quote, the quote within the quote is placed in single quotation marks , as above; notice that the larger quote within which the quote-within-the-quote is embedded, is placed in double quotation marks , as ever.
Although we generally recommend using quotes strategically and therefore sparingly, there may be times when you need to quote lengthy passages to illustrate or prove your claims. Such lengthy quotes are formatted as block quotes. There is no absolute rule as to what constitutes a "lengthy quote" - some teachers say a quote is lengthy if it exceeds four or five typed lines; others, if it exceeds forty words or four sentences.
The point is: once a quote becomes unusually lengthy it is formatted as a block quote. A block quote is a lengthy quote that is visually set off from the rest of your paper. It is single-spaced rather than double-spaced, like the rest of your paper and indented an additional half inch so that it visually draws attention to itself on the page.
The objective is to signal to the reader, even from a distance, that what follows is a lengthy quote. Chinese-American historian Iris Chang offers the following statistics in her effort to illustrate the full scope of the Nanking massacre:. Note that, in MLA, as shown above,the final punctuation of a block quote - unlike the punctuation for a regular short quote - is placed immediately after the end of the last sentence, preceding not following the parenthetical reference.
Sometimes it is necessary to modify the wording of a quote in order to make it flow more smoothly, to add relevant information, to change its tense to suit the point you are trying to make, or to ensure that its transition in or out of your prose is grammatically correct. Writing in , Iris Chang was undoubtedly correct that Japan's version of the Nanking Massacre exemplified "how the Japanese, as a people [ once ] manage[ d ], nurture[ d ], and sustain[ ed ] their collective amnesia-even denial-when confronted with the record of their behavior through [ the ] period [ of World War II ].
Notice that the material added is placed in square brackets, visually indicating to the reader that it is not part of the original text. When discussing the genre of the book of Genesis Dillard and Longman state that:.
In spite of the obvious variety within the book, it is useful to reflect on the genre of the book as a whole. After all, it contains a unity of narrative plot that takes the reader from the creation of the world to the sojourn in Egypt. It recounts past events and does so with a chronological structure. This last sentence sounds like a definition of a work of history and indeed such a label makes sense of the generic signals the reader encounters in the book.
There can be times in your research when you have read the same idea from different authors in different sources. When including multiple authors in a footnote you should order them alphabetically according to the first author's surname and separating each citation with a semi-colon. Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of citing a source from a secondary source "quoted in However, if an original source is unavailable because it is out of print or only available in another language then both the original and the secondary source must be listed in your footnote and your bibliography.
The bibliography is located at the end of your assignment and should include all the details of every source you have referred to in your assignment. NB: Unlike a traditional bibliography which would list all sources you read students should only include sources specifically cited in their assignment.
References should be organised alphabetically, according to authors' names, and then according to the title if there is the same author for two or more references. References should be formatted with a hanging indent if they are longer than one line.
McGrath, Alister E. The information required is: author, title, place of publication, publisher and date of publication. NOTE: The information is separated for the most part by periods rather than by commas, as in the footnotes and the parentheses enclosing the facts of publication are dropped. Footnotes should:Include the pages on which the cited information is found so that readers easily find the source.
Match with a superscript number example: 1 at the end of the sentence referencing the source.
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